Sunday, December 26, 2021

Wood stove - Rs 3200


Smokeless stove - Mob: 7019660686, 8217329938

(Fan+Key for ash)



HERBAL WATER Purification: MORINGA, NEEM, BASIL & CLEARING NUTS



IRA, All-In-One Water Herbal Formulation Made from Neem, Moringa, Holy Basil & Clearing Nuts. is a unique combination of the extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem), Moringa olifera (Drumstick), Strychnos potatorum (Clearing nut), and Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) blended together using organic solvents and stabilizers.
Dosed at 40 ppm (40 ml for 1000 litres of sewage water), it not only induces flocculation and causes separation of both suspended and dissolved solids but also disinfects the water, freeing it from all harmful bacteria including fecal coliforms and E-coli. Improves Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of water no smell and no side effects. 

IRA-LIV is the portable version of IRA that can be used to disinfect and clean water on the go. Bring it along during your hikes, camping or any other outdoor activities. Or if you are not a fan of those fancy commercial water filters, then you may just use one drop of IRA, filter and drink your water within a matter of seconds. The usage of this excellent formulation is so diverse, you will be loving it the moment you get hold of this. Also, can be used to clean water in an aquarium. As an excellent oxygenator, it keeps your water clean and keeps your fish alive. Just add 0.04 ml to 1 litre of water to coagulate, flocculate, disinfect and oxygenate your water. Leave the water for at least three hours before re-introducing your fish.

Clean water, the natural way, non-toxic, safe for you and safe for the environment.

Thursday, December 23, 2021

The lessions that farmer did not learn.

############################################
1. Don't grow mainly to sell. 2. Don't follow crop price. 3. Don't follow government. Important: Health Family Good food Great health => Great body & mind => Make income Don't go into debt! But... Most of people need money to pay utilities bill, medicines, insurances, car etc. It would be interesting to tell us how you did it with numbers.
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In south India (especially Kerala, which is hot and humid like thailand) this was how farming was mostly done in the 70s and 80s. (mixed farming with rice, bananas, pepper, mangoes, jackfruit, cocoa, coffee,, chicken, cows, etc). There was good food to eat, but no disposable income to buy a 2 wheeler, fund a wedding, pay for a surgery, etc. The only way was for atleast one family member to work outside farming. Or find a job out of the country, .....in the Middle East. The end result: Over time, that side of the family had more exposure to the outside world, became more educated, travelled more, had more money, and moved to the city eventually. The ones stuck on the farm were back to square one. The challenge is to find a model that provides cash income to farmers, on a regular basis. Good food isn't enough. The heart desires to travel, to own some of the things advertised on tv, .... What you are saying appeals to a hobby farmer like me, but won't make any practical sense whatsoever to someone trying to send their kids to college from the income on a 2 acre farm.

Tuesday, December 21, 2021

Havells India Rs 10000 in 2001 to 55Lakhs in 2021


China: Unemployed graduates/20 million shortage of skilled workers/200 million "flexible" employees?


One problem USA college grads have is many choose majors that are not practical in the present economy. Plus, everyone now faces global competition for jobs. My former HR dept in London had 865 applicants for 2 positions, and many were top students from top colleges all over the world who spoke several languages, played two instruments, had perfect scores, etc. CRAZY! !They should consider trades like a/c repair, electrician, plumbing, etc. One of the wealthiest men in my neighborhood is the Sprinkler Installation man!

Wednesday, December 15, 2021

Self reliance


Self reliance. A small solar generator.  Seeds for garden or micro greens. A skill to barter or sell. Self care. Regular exercise. Practice calming techniques. Focus on what gives you hope.

Tuesday, December 14, 2021

Financial advice

I never understood why people go to the bank for financial advice. I always informed myself and the banks financial advice is definitely not what benefits me and my family. We also have to start starving the beast. Stop buying useless plastic bobs , get off google and facebook, stop buying from walmart and amazon, get your money out of the bank, learn to grow your own food and be as autonomous as possible, own physical assets, pull your kids out of the sheeple propaganda factories and educate them yourself, learn and develop valuable skills, buy only what you need, get rid of the comforts that only make you weak and vulnerable, get healthy and avoid the sick care system and their drug pushers, and return values and meaning to your life.

Sunday, December 5, 2021

NUX VOMICA for Diarrhoea

Mind.--Very irritable: sensitive to all impressions. Ugly, malicious. Cannot bear noises, odors, light, etc. Does not want to be touched. Time passes too slowly. Even the least ailment affects her greatly. Disposed to reproach others. Sullen, fault-finding.

Stool.--Constipation, with frequent ineffectual urging, incomplete and unsatisfactory; feeling as if part remained unexpelled. Constriction of rectum. Irregular, peristaltic action; hence frequent ineffectual desire, or passing but small quantities at each attempt. Absence of all desire for defecation is a contra-indication. Alternate constipation and diarrhoea-after abuse of purgatives. Urging to stool felt throughout abdomen. Itching, blind haemorrhoids, with ineffectual urging to stool; very painful; after drastic drugs. Diarrhoea after a debauch; worse, morning. Frequent small evacuations. Scanty stool, with much urging. Dysentery; stools relieve pains for a time. Constant uneasiness in rectum. Diarrhoea, with jaundice (Dig).

Thursday, November 11, 2021

Why are these stocks going down? - Laurus Labs, Deepak Nitrite, Subex &

Regrow for free

Every time you go to the grocery store and get that tomato cut a piece out with some seed throat and some dirt we need it it doesn't matter if it's a pot start planning let the potato get Roots throw it at the bottom and let it give you potatoes get ready people takes a while to grow

Ratanhia for rectum, piles, fissure etc.

How to KILL a MONOPOLY? The fall of Gillette


The fall of Gillette (Business STRATEGY Case Study)

Monday, October 25, 2021

Urine issues

Urinary track infection

Case study

At 23 Lindi had been having bladder problems for several years. She  had an urgent need to pass urine every half-hour during the day, yet was  only able to pass very little urine each time. She wet her bed every  night and woke up many times to pass urine. During sex, she would always  leak urine, despite having tried to empty her bladder beforehand. She  was very emotionally closed and revealed little about herself. If she  was upset about something she would with­draw to cry alone. After three  weekly doses of Natrum muriaticum 200c she only needed to urinate every  four hours and was able to pass a satisfying amount each time. She then  took Natrum muri­aticum 1M weekly for eight more weeks. The frequent  need to pass urine during the day completely resolved, she no longer wet  her bed and she only woke up once each night to urinate. She had no  leaking during sex either.

https://homeopathy-uk.org/homeopathy/how-homeopathy-helps/conditions/bladder-problems

Thursday, October 21, 2021

MONETIZING

Want to stop complaining about prices at the gas pump? Get an energy stock option like DVN. Want to worry less about supply chain problems? Buy some CTRM shipping company stock - they're buying ships like crazy. Want protection from the dollar tanking? Buy some silver in easy to recognize coin form like a Maple leaf or Silver eagle. Food worries? Brush up on growing food outside or inside - hold off on the pot growing. Also, move to a non authoritarian state for more freedom of choice.

With all of the issues you listed at the beginning you still failed to mention THE mitigating factor which is, as you are well aware but don't ever share with your audience - MONETIZING. I mean, what's with you? You're supposed to share and explain and you are definitely knowledgeable about the subjects you cover but you stop short of a full coverage by not covering monetizing. I don't get it?

Wednesday, October 20, 2021

Achieve Mastery in Anything

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-sjUoGO250

SUMMARY:

Elements I need to be successful. What do i need to learn?

Plan, reflect and take notes, after your practice, learn what worked and what didn't 

GO SLOW. Too fast can make our brain lesrn the wrong skills

Limit sessions to a reasonable time so that I don't lose focus.

Maximise practice time

Track small intervals of improvement

Emulate practice, not performance. Learn how they practice.

Repetition makes practice.

Rutine. Have a day and schedule planned for your practice.

Get a coach.

Friday, October 15, 2021

How to Recycle Waste Water Using Plants


Each tank = 1day waste water.

Pay ZERO tax on stock market income

LTCL (loss) offset against LTCG
STCL offset against LTCG/STCG

Capital Gain = 5L
Capital Loss = 3L
(after selling and buying of stocks that show unrealised loss)
Net CG = 2L

Monday, October 11, 2021

How A Country Ran Out of Power for 24 Hours


No Power -> use Diesel generator
No Diesel -> use Cooked oil :-)
Hydroelectricity in desert?
Wind tunnel everywhere?

Homeopathy improve eye sight (cineria maratima d2)

cineria maratima d2 eye drop by dr reckeweg 2 drops 3 times a day in both eye

Friday, October 8, 2021

ONE Exercise to FIX Any Lower Body Injury - Hips, Legs, and Low Back

Watermelon gardening

Option chain anaysis to detect stock trend

BEST Date for SIP Investment in Mutual Funds and Stocks

If you start your SIP every month 25th then you are more likely to generate 1% additional return on your investments compared to any other day of the month. On the contrary, the SIP in mutual funds and stocks during the beginning of the month is more likely to deliver the least returns on your investments. The reason for best returns near expiry is a highly volatile market and position unwinding by the traders near expiry. Historically, the market trade lower near expiry during the entire month.

Wednesday, October 6, 2021

How to practice Homeopathy at home??

I had already started practising at my office and many are cured. I also treat myself and my family members, friends and colleagues. All are benefited .

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4MygEnLrK0&t=0s




Monday, October 4, 2021

Result >= Rs 30K/month

S1: Invest 1L in 12 companies 
S2: Invest 3L in 4 Cos

Strategy
  Investment 12L
  Book profit once any stock reaches 30%+
  Rotate
  
  Result >= Rs 30K/month  

Hydrophonic system

I've been obsessed with those dutch greenhouses for years, it's inspired me to learn to grow hydroponically, and even create a close looped system, but I always understood their limitations in growing based on the industrial infrastructure they require to exist.  

I have since started developing a system that replaces this and is doable on small acreage, which involves growing mushrooms on sawdust, that sawdust then gets used as insulation on the backside of seasonal chinese greenhouses which provide enough seasonal extension to keep growing into the winter, you can also put bloodmeal ontop of the sawdust insulation wall to start composting, which will heat a greenhouse as long as there is a vapor barrier to prevent offgas from entering.  When the next season when that sawdust needs to be removed to prevent overheating, it gets cycled into paddocks with chickens which fertilize the sawdust to break down, along with food scraps mixed in.  These paddocks are essentially living compost piles, that have worm bin along side the paddock so worms move in and help feed the chickens.  After accumilation, the top canopy of the 8x8ft paddock is removed so it is easy to shovel into a troph worm bin as a stage in compost turning.  After that it is turned into a normal air induced compost pile to heat treat it.  Which then gets mixed with 1/3 oyster mushroom compost that acts as a binder, as the mycelium will hold the soil together enough, yet allow plants to grow in it.  Why would I want soil to be held together? Because it creates a natural net pot perfect for hydroponic gutter production that fits perfectly in the chinese greenhouse's small footprint.  Utilizing seaweed and burnt egg shells as potassium fertilizer, sheeps/chickens blood as nitrogen in a compost tea that feeds these hydroponic gutters in conjunction with the fertility inside of their soil blocks. 

I've been trialing it on a beginning scale, and it works amazingly well, in a 10ft gutter I can grow about 2lb of salad, which is 4x productive than soil production.  The biggest downside is over watering, as these water logged blocks will cause fungal problems. I was growing with complete gutters full of soil, and a drywall vinyl corner bead under the soil as the place where water passes below the soil so it can percolate up as well as dry out faster.  BUT in the heat of the season, i cannot water them enough, and they grow in about 1/2 the time of normal lettuce.  The reason I am going with soil in a hydroponic system is because it holds water, which reduces the need to have constant water flowing and over all electrical needs as well as reducing crop failure if the power were to go out.  Soil also provides nutrition for the plant to supplement water soluble fertilizers and creates a medium that is recyclable through the chicken/worm system. 

I run these whole systems on very small water pumps with individual reservoirs per bracket of gutters, this way if there's an issue, it's limited to a single zone of production, and the pumps pull such low power that which run on 3 minute cycles a few times a day, making it very easy to run from two 100watt solar panels, along with small CPU fans in the small chinese greenhouse, which because of it's small foot print is easier to manage.  The best part is since mushrooms breath oxygen, and release c02, I can completely close the chinese greenhouse and let plants and mushrooms  exchange air to prevent needing outside ventilation.

This is my master plan, my niche I've been working on and when perfected will use as my catalyst towards teaching people the fundamentals of gardening, as that's my only ambition of niches to fill as we head into a world of scarcity. Knowledge and bringing people and farm systems together is going to redefine how we look at food and our footprint, as we start to recognize how important these skills are for basic survival in a ever increasingly restrictive economic lifestyle.

Granted you cannot survive on lettuce, but this system can grow bush beans and greenonions, which is a baseline protein and nutrition.  I've also started growing more covercrop and alfalfa, so I can feed my chickens grain, and feed the compost alfalfa/comfry for nutrition/fertilizer alongside the chicken and worm manure.

The only solution to these problems is to create your own ark of fertility.  Figure out ways to have systems of fertility that recycle and maximize returns.  While my system is still dependent on sawdust, chicken food, and collecting local fertilizers to make water soluble, it's far closer to sustainable than anything else I've ever seen.

Thursday, September 30, 2021

Shikander e azum plus ingredients

Shikander e azum plus
40 Alium cepa Onion
20 chlorophytum borivilianum Safed musli
20 withania somnifera Ashwagandha
20 alpinia galanga Ginger?
20 mucuna prurience Kapi Kacchu
20 giber official
20 blica officialis
10 gonesia foenum graeceum
20 moringa oleifera
10 rtus caryophylus
10 cinnamom
20 long piper
40 curculigo orciclues

Pyaz-40mg, 
Safed Musli-20mg, 
Nagkesar-20mg, 
Asgandh-20mg, 
Kulanjan-20mg, 
Kaunch-20mg, 
Sonth-20mg, 
Amla-20mg, 
Maithi-10mg, 
Suranjan-20mg, 
Laung-10mg, 
Jaiphal-10mg, 
Dalchini-10mg, 
Pippali-20mg, 
Musli Siyah-20mg


Exercises For Lower Back Pain | Sciatica Disc Bulges Lumbar Lordosis





1:20 12-20 then switch leg 2:55 5 reps each side keep 1 sec in air 1-2 min break do 3 sets 4:30 8-12 reps 2 secs pause then return to position 6:05 15-20 reps x 3 sets 7:15 15-20 reps 1-2min break 3 sets 8:30 10 reps 3 sets

I've had lower back pain from sitting all day being a local cdl driver 12 to 14 hour days, not exercising, and poor lifting when picking up my 20 month old daughter. Bought a back brace and have been going to the chiropractor for the past month and nothing really made the pain go away. I did this for the first time and the first two were uncomfortable at first after I completed them all, I no longer feel the pain at all. Will be doing these every day. 
I don't comment on videos but I had to for this because of the immediate relief. Unbelievable. For all of my fellow drivers, operators, steering wheel holders, pedal pushers, and pavement pounders, this is the one for you. Thanks for the video. God bless and stay safe.

Tuesday, September 28, 2021

phone number


At least one phone design I looked at, a Samsung Galaxy S5 has all the peripherals like the interfaces for the cameras and microphones attached to a dedicated core. The radio core. Aka  "baseband core". Along with the interfaces for the radio and for wifi/bluetooth.
None of this is exposed, everything is on the Samsung Exynos SOC. The phone runs a firmware AMSS ("Advanced Mobile Subscriber System") and that firmware has among other things all the drivers to operate the cameras and the codecs for the microphones (and speakers). The Cortex-A application cores are connected to the radio core with a serial interface which the Android rild (radio interface layer daemon) uses to send commands to the radio core. 
There is nothing that stops them from including extra functionality in that firmware that lets them call into the phone and access the cameras and microphone along with the GPS location. Without any knowledge of the user.
The rild in the stock Samsung S5 firmware contains a FILESERVER with the operations create, delete, read, write on files and directories. It awaits commands from the radio core running AMSS. That means AMSS can do anything it wants to any file in the filesystem, including deleting files you are preferred not to have, maliciously changing information or planting incriminating files.
Another important thing to know is that SIMToolkit functionality can be triggered by a text message containing STK commands. Some phones reply back with a text message that contains their current GPS location. without informing the user.
Also, while the phone authenticates the subscriber identity to the mobile network, the mobile network is unauthenticated. This makes the use of IMSI catchers such as from Rohde & Schwarz ("Stingray") easy. An IMSI catcher pretends to be a base station of a legitimate network and causes phones to switch over to it by broadcasting spoofed Quality of Service information and providing a stronger signal than legitimate base stations. 
This allows a man in the middle attack leading to call interception.

I just been using common sense when dealing with organizations number (1) "I don't have data breaches you have data breaches why would I give you more information" (the last one was my insurance company notified me they had a data breach a few months ago) go figure (we all know they are selling the data and claiming its a breach)
  
(2) what happens if someone steals my phone and it is part of 2 part authentication? the whole thing just seems like a bad idea,
but I am being forced even by the government to use two part ID (I just have a $25 flip phone) 
I just want my phone to be a phone 
I want my drivers license to be a license to drive a car

Google now censors videos by putting an age-restriction on it and the only way to access the video is by handing over a copy of your passport or some other paper to Google. That is rather dystopic to me, obviously I don't do that. So Google does both censorship and gets sensitive data. I don't know what Google does with this data, I just know that it is 

I also have a laptop with no hard drive but 16 gigs of ram.. I load Core plus (Tiny core) linux into ram from USB, then remove the USB. Then everything I do is from Ram only. After a moment of setting up a browser, Im online completely with no trace after I shut down the laptop.  I used to work for the Government and saw what tricks they used to "anonymous" people in the field. Although they had a different version of Linux that I have never encountered outside of that facility .. But due to it being classified, I will not say it's name.  My job consisted of verifying employees adherence to the rules of holding their clearance levels. And we literally got into peoples lives in every manner described on this site.. And many many more.. Far more advanced than you could imagine.. As an example, We had laser Acoustic listening devices in 1990.. Police are just getting them now. That is how far behind civilian tech is ..Think about that.

Why I always use a burner phone..
Why I always piggyback on the local library wifi.
TOR browser and VPN as well.  All of my email is based in Swiss 
servers. Data is stored on a bios ,password protected SSD . Bios Password on the drive is extremely difficult to break without sitting at the machine.

Thursday, September 23, 2021

700 plants, (15 towers, 2x18 ft.)





 The system will grow 700 plants, using 15 towers, in a space of just 2 by 18 feet.
 he sells kits ranging from single tower patio gardens to 10-tower deck gardens to commercial-sized set-ups
 
 God bless this man i ordered these system and brought to my village in northan uganda. We had a big drought but only my crops survived and even thrived and that meant our produce costs more. 

Wednesday, September 22, 2021

A Lesson on Empathy from a People-First CEO

Growing Crops in the Desert with Seawater


Been using the gravity fed water closed loop system and fan cooling in greenhouses for cooling and humidity control since the 1970's that I know of. These cool houses were old then. Probably built in the 1940's. Used to cool plants before flowering to get them to have larger buds and then move them to hot houses to force the bloom all at once for sale. The plants would gradually bloom without this process. The full blooms at once obtained a better market value. The system I worked with used 4' x 4' vertical filters like green scrubber pads with larger openings. They were easily cleaned and reused.
I wonder, why not build cisterns every 20 miles, along the green wall. make them  40feet square, 20 feet deep. seal it so its water tight. Pump them full of sea water place a large dome over them, with thermo-electric plates cool the dome surface, collect the condensation for drinking and irrigation, at the same time, have green houses using the evaporative system to cool them to grow food. power everything with solar panels
It's the KISS principle. 
Keep it stupid simple.
This is a very basic air cooler that has existed in one form or another for a long time.
The fact that it lowers temperature and increases humidity is perfect for desert growing..
Love this idea

Kedu (5 best homoepathic medicine for warts)

Following medicines 4balls of 3 times a day
Any wart - Thuja 30  
Large size warts -  causticum 30 
Flat warts - Dulkamara 30
Planter warts - Antim crud 30
Nitric acid 30















ONE Exercise to FIX Any Lower Body Injury - Hips, Legs, and Low Back

Tuesday, September 21, 2021

Biogas to CNG making & Refilling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8KGa3UVDAA


Cost of the project / land requirement /maintenance etc are missing.

Monday, September 20, 2021

Stock market indicators

Spot on. It is obvious that 10Y is the thing to watch. I even do something different and compare 10Y with SP500 EPS, so how much you can get from bonds vs stocks and q3 reporting is not that far. Very exciting 4 weeks ahead now. 
With evergrande my view is slightly different. I also think that this is nothing surprising that will cause sudden huge drop as it is at least going since 2 months already. I think however that this will take forever to resolve. It will just haunt us for I guess next 2-3 years bleeding like 100-200 million $ losses each month. They got still almost 2 millions properties to finish, but already payed by customers. China cant let them just fall, but can't bail them out as well, so I guess will just help from "the back seat" to manage the process mainly. Now it is all over the media, so this will affect a lot of other companies and I am sure that some new smaller developers will emerge with similar issues. Banks will also have to swallow some bitter part of it, so we may see some problems there as well. Generally long and unpleasant process for everyone involved, but everyone knows about it now, so not a surprise anymore. Just to be clear it is good and expected for China. They could sort it out in a nanosecond, but it is better for them to switch spending money (in economy) on something else as too much is going into housing, so they just manage controlled fall of this sector, so money can go into other sectors. 

Great work as always Greg. All the best.
Over 50% of the market trading below 5O day MA.  I don't see Fed tapering, but if China doesn't recover and crude gets too expensive, causing the American consumer to choose between paying for gas to go to work or the mortgage, they will choose the gasoline to go to work and that is when mortgage companies start to go bankrupt and so will real estate.  This will be the point where it won't matter what the fed does because it won't work any more.  That will be the black swan, the real one of point of no return.  Then you will have margin calls.  Investors won't be able to afford interest on margin accounts.  People think that the black swan last year was the virus.  Wrong!  That is what they want you to think.  Things were starting to freeze up long before the virus.  2018 selloff was the canary.  Market usually have 3 major corrections (2018, 2020, current one) before the crash.  This current third one will be 10-15% correction (200 day MA) and then all time highs again (blow off top) before the crash.

1L ltr (20' dia-20' deep)Ferro Cement water Tank @ Rs 5.5L

Dimension 20ft dia, 20ft deep

Sunday, September 19, 2021

Everything About Share Market | 10 Fundamentals


Asian Paint
Berger Paint
Maruti suzuki
Divis lab
Dr Reddy lab
Pidilite
Nestle
DMart
Bajaj Finance
Reliance
Dabur

Thursday, September 16, 2021

China's Evergrande financial crisis threatens China's financial stability

China Evergrande Group is an enormous real estate construction firm that has built millions of homes and other structures in China, and which has expanded into other areas, such electric vehicles, a theme park, a soccer club, a food company, and other areas. However, Evergrande is now close to default because of its massive debt, and its inability to meet its obligations.


So Evergrande as a construction firm has completed nearly 900 commercial, residential, and infrastructure projects. But it has 1.5 million unfinished properties, for which down payments have been collected, but many of which have stopped construction, for lack of funding. For years, Evergrande has apparently used down payments for new homes and projects to fund completion of previously committed projects, leaving no money for the new projects.

Millions of ordinary homebuyers who made down payments on new home construction are now facing losing their down payments, and getting no homes. According to press reports, Evergrande now has about 900 unfinished projects, and there are about 1.2 million people waiting to move in.

n order to fund its Ponzi scheme, Evergrande for years has been offering investment opportunities in "wealth management products" (WMPs), which are offered by many Chinese banks and financial institutions, and which are are unique components of China's shadow banking system. A retail investor can invest in a WMP, which supposedly guarantees a high rate of return, but which is not directly backed by any solid asset, such as real estate. Evergrande pays the WMP through profits from its real estate business and by issuing its own bonds. But if the real estate business is not making profits, and if its bonds are losing value in the financial markets, then Evergrande will default on the WMPs.

Every Ponzi scheme depends on an accelerating stream of cash to fund further sales to meet previous debt obligations. As soon as there's a slowdown in the incoming stream of cash for any reason, like a recession or new regulations, then the Ponzi scheme crashes. That seems to be where Evergrande is now. This means that homebuyers, lenders, bondholders and retail investors are all subject to some or all of their investments. According to some reports, bondholders will lose 75% of their investments.

Wednesday, September 8, 2021

Hyperinflation in Germany #2: The Stock Market


From this we can see a few things. Stock markets, as a sort of hard asset, did provide some element of escape from the depreciation of the currency. But, unless you like a 97% decline, not so much of a safehaven as we might like. We can admit that, during the 1920s after the mark was returned to gold, markets regained much of their decline. So, "in the long term," there was a much more substantial recovery of real value.

 Obviously, the very best outcome was enjoyed by those who got into gold or dollars in 1918, and back into German stocks when they were supercheap in 1922.

Tuesday, August 31, 2021

The German Hyperinflation, 1923



Before World War I Germany was a prosperous country, with a gold-backed currency, expanding industry, and world leadership in optics, chemicals, and machinery. The German Mark, the British shilling, the French franc, and the Italian lira all had about equal value, and all were exchanged four or five to the dollar. That was in 1914. In 1923, at the most fevered moment of the German hyperinflation, the exchange rate between the dollar and the Mark was one trillion Marks to one dollar, and a wheelbarrow full of money would not even buy a newspaper. Most Germans were taken by surprise by the financial tornado.

"My father was a lawyer," says Walter Levy, an internationally known German-born oil consultant in New York, "and he had taken out an insurance policy in 1903, and every month he had made the payments faithfully. It was a 20-year policy, and when it came due, he cashed it in and bought a single loaf of bread." The Berlin publisher Leopold Ullstein wrote that an American visitor tipped their cook one dollar. The family convened, and it was decided that a trust fund should be set up in a Berlin bank with the cook as beneficiary, the bank to administer and invest the dollar.

In retrospect, you can trace the steps to hyperinflation, but some of the reasons remain cloudy. Germany abandoned the gold backing of its currency in 1914. The war was expected to be short, so it was financed by government borrowing, not by savings and taxation. In Germany prices doubled between 1914 and 1919.

After four disastrous years Germany had lost the war. Under the Treaty of Versailles it was forced to make a reparations payment in gold-backed Marks, and it was due to lose part of the production of the Ruhr and of the province of Upper Silesia. The Weimar Republic was politically fragile.

But the bourgeois habits were very strong. Ordinary citizens worked at their jobs, sent their children to school and worried about their grades, maneuvered for promotions and rejoiced when they got them, and generally expected things to get better. But the prices that had doubled from 1914 to 1919 doubled again during just five months in 1922. Milk went from 7 Marks per liter to 16; beer from 5.6 to 18. There were complaints about the high cost of living. Professors and civil servants complained of getting squeezed. Factory workers pressed for wage increases. An underground economy developed, aided by a desire to beat the tax collector.

On June 24, 1922, right-wing fanatics assassinated Walter Rathenau, the moderate, able foreign minister. Rathenau was a charismatic figure, and the idea that a popular, wealthy, and glamorous government minister could be shot in a law-abiding society shattered the faith of the Germans, who wanted to believe that things were going to be all right. Rathenau's state funeral was a national trauma. The nervous citizens of the Ruhr were already getting their money out of the currency and into real goods -- diamonds, works of art, safe real estate. Now ordinary Germans began to get out of Marks and into real goods.

Pianos, wrote the British historian Adam Fergusson, were bought even by unmusical families. Sellers held back because the Mark was worth less every day. As prices went up, the amounts of currency demanded were greater, and the German Central Bank responded to the demands. Yet the ruling authorities did not see anything wrong. A leading financial newspaper said that the amounts of money in circulation were not excessively high. Dr. Rudolf Havenstein, the president of the Reichsbank (equivalent to the Federal Reserve) told an economics professor that he needed a new suit but wasn't going to buy one until prices came down.

Why did the German government not act to halt the inflation? It was a shaky, fragile government, especially after the assassination. The vengeful French sent their army into the Ruhr to enforce their demands for reparations, and the Germans were powerless to resist. More than inflation, the Germans feared unemployment. In 1919 Communists had tried to take over, and severe unemployment might give the Communists another chance. The great German industrial combines -- Krupp, Thyssen, Farben, Stinnes -- condoned the inflation and survived it well. A cheaper Mark, they reasoned, would make German goods cheap and easy to export, and they needed the export earnings to buy raw materials abroad. Inflation kept everyone working.

So the printing presses ran, and once they began to run, they were hard to stop. The price increases began to be dizzying. Menus in cafes could not be revised quickly enough. A student at Freiburg University ordered a cup of coffee at a cafe. The price on the menu was 5,000 Marks. He had two cups. When the bill came, it was for 14,000 Marks. "If you want to save money," he was told, "and you want two cups of coffee, you should order them both at the same time."

The presses of the Reichsbank could not keep up though they ran through the night. Individual cities and states began to issue their own money. Dr. Havenstein, the president of the Reichsbank, did not get his new suit. A factory worker described payday, which was every day at 11:00 a.m.: "At 11:00 in the morning a siren sounded, and everybody gathered in the factory forecourt, where a five-ton lorry was drawn up loaded brimful with paper money. The chief cashier and his assistants climbed up on top. They read out names and just threw out bundles of notes. As soon as you had caught one you made a dash for the nearest shop and bought just anything that was going." Teachers, paid at 10:00 a.m., brought their money to the playground, where relatives took the bundles and hurried off with them. Banks closed at 11:00 a.m.; the harried clerks went on strike.

The flight from currency that had begun with the buying of diamonds, gold, country houses, and antiques now extended to minor and almost useless items -- bric-a-brac, soap, hairpins. The law-abiding country crumbled into petty thievery. Copper pipes and brass armatures weren't safe. Gasoline was siphoned from cars. People bought things they didn't need and used them to barter -- a pair of shoes for a shirt, some crockery for coffee. Berlin had a "witches' Sabbath" atmosphere. Prostitutes of both sexes roamed the streets. Cocaine was the fashionable drug. In the cabarets the newly rich and their foreign friends could dance and spend money. Other reports noted that not all the young people had a bad time. Their parents had taught them to work and save, and that was clearly wrong, so they could spend money, enjoy themselves, and flout the old.

The publisher Leopold Ullstein wrote: "People just didn't understand what was happening. All the economic theory they had been taught didn't provide for the phenomenon. There was a feeling of utter dependence on anonymous powers -- almost as a primitive people believed in magic -- that somebody must be in the know, and that this small group of 'somebodies' must be a conspiracy."

When the 1,000-billion Mark note came out, few bothered to collect the change when they spent it. By November 1923, with one dollar equal to one trillion Marks, the breakdown was complete. The currency had lost meaning.

What happened immediately afterward is as fascinating as the Great Inflation itself. The tornado of the Mark inflation was succeeded by the "miracle of the Rentenmark." A new president took over the Reichsbank, Horace Greeley Hjalmar Schacht, who came by his first two names because of his father's admiration for an editor of the New York Tribune. The Rentenmark was not Schacht's idea, but he executed it, and as the Reichsbank president, he got the credit for it. For decades afterward he was able to maintain a reputation for financial wizardry. He became the architect of the financial prosperity brought by the Nazi party.

Obviously, though the currency was worthless, Germany was still a rich country -- with mines, farms, factories, forests. The backing for the Rentenmark was mortgages on the land and bonds on the factories, but that backing was a fiction; the factories and land couldn't be turned into cash or used abroad. Nine zeros were struck from the currency; that is, one Rentenmark was equal to one billion old Marks. The Germans wanted desperately to believe in the Rentenmark, and so they did. "I remember," said one Frau Barten of East Prussia, "the feeling of having just one Rentenmark to spend. I bought a small tin bread bin. Just to buy something that had a price tag for one Mark was so exciting."

All money is a matter of belief. Credit derives from Latin, credere, "to believe." Belief was there, the factories functioned, the farmers delivered their produce. The Central Bank kept the belief alive when it would not let even the government borrow further.

But although the country functioned again, the savings were never restored, nor were the values of hard work and decency that had accompanied the savings. There was a different temper in the country, a temper that Hitler would later exploit with diabolical talent. Thomas Mann wrote: "The market woman who without batting an eyelash demanded 100 million for an egg lost the capacity for surprise. And nothing that has happened since has been insane or cruel enough to surprise her."

With the currency went many of the lifetime plans of average citizens. It was the custom for the bride to bring some money to a marriage; many marriages were called off. Widows dependent on insurance found themselves destitute. People who had worked a lifetime found that their pensions would not buy one cup of coffee.

Pearl Buck, the American writer who became famous for her novels of China, was in Germany in 1923. She wrote later: "The cities were still there, the houses not yet bombed and in ruins, but the victims were millions of people. They had lost their fortunes, their savings; they were dazed and inflation-shocked and did not understand how it had happened to them and who the foe was who had defeated them. Yet they had lost their self-assurance, their feeling that they themselves could be the masters of their own lives if only they worked hard enough; and lost, too, were the old values of morals, of ethics, of decency."

The fledgling Nazi party, whose attempted coup had failed in 1923, won 32 seats legally in the next election. The right-wing Nationalist party won 106 seats, having promised 100 percent compensation to the victims of inflation and vengeance on the conspirators who had brought it.

Copyright © 1981 by George J. W. Goodman. All rights reserved.